Sometimes, what isn’t part of an ancestral record can be as
informative as what is. Particularly, when you combine that with known
historical facts. You and I don’t live in a vacuum, and neither did our
ancestors.
Let’s start with the facts. From the genealogy that was
compiled somewhere between 1935 and 1944:
1. We know that Jeremias Schröder was born in 1648.
2. We know he died, 1 May 1724.
3. We know he was buried on 4 May 1724.
4. We know that he had a son named Anthonius Schröder.
5. We know he was a Jäger (Hunter).
6. We know he was a
renowned Rabbit hunter. The fact that this is part of the genealogical record
is interesting. Normally, saying he was a hunter would have been deemed
sufficient. At the time of Jeremias’ passing, a father and son duo were
administering to the Parish, Rev. Martin Dreisow, Sr and Rev. Martin Dreisow, Jr.
One of them felt this fact had special merit.
7. From the 1717 Hufenklassifikation. (The Hufenklassifikation
was a survey undertaken from 1717 to 1719 in the Hinterpommern to assess land
values for taxation purposes. The Prussian King, Frederick William I, ordered
the survey.)
A Jeremias Schröder is listed as a halbbauer. He is the only Schröder listed in Budow and the only one listed in any of the villages that the Budow Parish served. (These villages included: Budow, Gaffert, Gallensow, Goschen, Groß Gansen, Jammerin, Klein Gansen, Kottow, Muttrin, Nippoglense and Wundichow.) It is possible that this was the hunter Jeremias’ son, but more likely, it was Jeremias himself as he was still very much alive at the time.
1648, the year of Jeremias’ birth, was also the year that The
Thirty Years’ War ended. It is estimated that eight million people died as a
result of that war. They died from battle. They died from disease. They died
from trying to save their homes, their livestock, their crops. And they died
from starvation. Pomerania suffered heavily from the war with historians
estimating that up to two-thirds of the population either died or fled the
area.
The war, at least in the beginning, was a Religious War. After
Martin Luther, a priest, nailed the 95 Theses on the Wittenburg Church Castle
door in 1517, a religious movement was started. Protestantism was born. The
original fighting between the Protestants and the Catholics came to end in 1555
with the signing of the Peace of Augsburg, which guaranteed the right of
religious freedom.
Below you can see a map of the Holy Roman Empire from 1618, at the
start of the war. The areas in orange represent Protestants and the gray area
represents Catholics.
When Ferdinand II, the Archduke of Austria, was named heir
apparent of the elderly, childless, Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, trouble began
to brew. Ferdinand was known to be a staunch Catholic, and when he came into
power, he declared the Empire to be Catholic. You can see by the map; his
religious stance would disenfranchise a large number of his subjects. War
became inevitable.
For the first 9 years of the war Pomerania, for the most part, was
spared. However, in 1627, Ferdinand moved to house some of his imperial troops
in Pomerania. The troops lived off the land, which meant confiscating
livestock, food, and demanding payment in the form of taxes. This led to the
burning of farms and villages, to rape, to torture, to death.
While the war initially started as a religious war, it quickly
turned into a power grab, a means of filling coffers and confiscating property. Other potential combatants, alarmed at the power being accumulated by their contemporaries,
jumped into the fray.
In 1630, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, a Protestant, landed in
Pomerania. One would think that a combatant on the same side as the Protestant
inhabitants of Pomerania would have brought some relief. The Swedish troops
were every bit as demanding and imperious as the troops of Ferdinand II, and
the Pomeranians continued their suffering under these “friendly” troops.
Finally, a series of peace treaties were signed. Known as the
Peace of Westphalia, the treaties effectively ended the war. In 1653, as part
of the terms, most of Pomerania was given to the Margraviate of Brandenburg,
with the remaining portion in the West, given to Sweden.
Below is the map of the area in 1653.
War was over, but oh, the cost. In 1590, almost three decades
before the start of the war, it was noted that the Parish of Budow had 161
farms. In the year 1710, sixty-two years after the end of the war, there were
only sixty-eight.
In 1655, Friedrich Wilhelm, the Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of
Prussia, required an assessment from the landowners of the state of their
holdings. Various members of the Von Zitewitz family-owned different parcels of
land in the villages surrounding the church in Budow. The information from
these reports was documented. Below are some of the remarks reported.
From Friedrich von Zitewitz: He reported that on his 3 Muttrin farms, they
were unoccupied except each were “inhabited by a strange man.” He complains that the soil is poor, and that
he must provide new seed every year.
From Martin von Zitewitz: Among other things, he reported that he had
two unoccupied farms in Nippoglense. In one of those farms lived, “a poor,
miserable person who lacks bread even before Christmas.”
From Gneomar von Zitewitz: He told of the miserable plight of his farmers
in Klein Gansen. He said he had to pay for all their seed, taxes, food, etc.
otherwise, he is afraid they will leave for Poland, like so many of the other
farmers have done.
From Johan Adolf von Zitewitz: In Budow, three of his farmers had run away
to Poland.
From Gerd von
Zitewitz: Gerd had a fair number
of complaints. He complained that the soil was so poor, that a family could not
live from what they produced on the farm. He told of the hunger of his farmers.
He said he hadn’t sold a sheep in 20 years, even though he would buy them but
the land couldn’t support them. To add to his sheep herding woes, he complained
that to get and keep a proper Shepherd you had to promise them whatever they
demanded.
In other words, they reported that their farms should not be taxed
at the rate they had been previously, because things had deteriorated thanks to
the war.
It would not be until Frederick
the Great came into power that a concerted effort was made to repopulate the
areas decimated by the war. It is said that in the first decades of his rule,
Frederick imported 5312 families from Bohemia, Palatinate, and Saxony to
colonize these areas of Pomerania. This, however, would not happen until 1740.
In the meantime, Fredrich Wilhelm tried unsuccessfully to demand that those peasants and serfs who had
fled to Poland be returned to the areas from which they fled. The next step was
the issuance of The Servants, Farmers and Shepherds order of 1670.
This order curtailed a peasant’s right to move from one place to another. It was illegal to leave the farm he inhabited to move to another place without permission. The punishments for doing so were severe. A peasant farmer was also required to render services, fees, and other goods to his landowner at specified times. The peasant could own his home, his livestock, his equipment but not the land. All these requirements of the peasant farmer were passed on to his children.
Frederick Wilhelm I (King of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg,
1713-1740) passed the Edict of 14 July 1718 and the Edict of 10 Nov 1722, which
among other things, curtailed craftsmen from living in the rural villages. Only
tailors, blacksmiths, weavers, carpenters, and wheelwrights could live in a
village. All other craftsmen, except for millers, were required to live in the
cities.
All of this presents a problem when it comes to Jeremias. I
believe that Jeremias and his son, Anthonius, came from outside the parish
villages of Budow. Let’s compare the information that we have about Jeremias to
that of his contemporaries.
While his contemporaries, like Jeremias, were not given a specific birth date
just the year born, the others listed in the same genealogy, done through the
same church, with the same minister, during the same years had listed along
with their birth year, the place they were born, the names of both of their
parents, and the date of their baptism. Jeremias had none of those things. We
also don’t know when his son Anthonius was born, where Anthonius was born or who
his mother was.
We know that Anthonius died in 1733 in Budow, that he married Trin
Liese Potratz in 1724 and that they had a son, Johann in 1725. Did Trin Liese
remarry? When and where was she born? Did she and Anthonius have more children?
Who raised Johann? While it’s possible that the pages that would have contained
these facts were missing from the Budow Parish when the genealogist did his
work, it seems more likely that they are missing because these events did not take place within the Parish of Budow. My guess is that Jeremias and Anthonius came to the area sometime before 1717
(when the Hufenklassification was done) but after Anthonius’ birth. But where
did they come from, and how did they get there?
Was there a swap from one landowner to another for a service that was needed? Jeremias, after all, is listed as a renowned rabbit hunter. Did Jeremias come from an area that was not subject to the Farmer and Shepherds order of 1670? Questions, questions – all I have is questions.
I fantasize that out there somewhere, in a forgotten text, tucked
away on a dusty shelf is a sentence or two about a famous rabbit
hunter who came with his son and settled in Budow. I know that there is only
the tiniest of possibilities that my fantasy is true. I know that is only the
teeniest tiniest of possibilities that should that text exist, that it somehow
falls like a ripened fruit into my lap. But even the teeniest tiniest of
possibilities is still a possibility . . .
Until Next Time
© 28 October 2023, Desktop Genealogist Unplugged, Teresa L. Snyder
Map Attributions:
“Holy Roman Empire 1618” By ziegelbrenner - Own work, CC BY-SA
3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6054043.
By Astrokey44, section cut by user:Skäpperöd - This file was
derived from: Holy Roman Empire 1648.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12363902.
Sources:
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2. Rolletiofe, E.
Editor: Ostpommersche Heimat 1933, “Aus
der Geschichte des Dorfes Budow,” No. 17, P 4, Accessed 14 August 2023.
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A.: "Die Bevölkerung der Kreise
Stolp, Schlawe und Rummelsburg kurz nach 1700", Ost-pommersche Heimat 10.
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Oct 2015.
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Grief e.V., “Einführung (Die Blankenseesche Hufenklassifikation)”,
https://www.pommerscher-greif.de/hufen/. Accessed 12 April 2023.
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August 2023.
6. Burke,
Frederick: “Pommern History,” Pommern
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7. History.com,
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/martin-luther-posts-95-theses,
originally published 24 November 2009, Accessed 14 October 2023.
8. Sellke, G.,
“Villages in Eastern Pomerania following the Thirty Years’ War.” Original Post, Ostpommersche
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https://sites.rootsweb.com/~mnprgm/Stolp/30YearsWar/index.html, Accessed 12 April 2023.
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: Geschichte des Geschlechts von Zitzewitz, Teil 1: Urkundenbuch.,
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Brandenburgische Gesinde- und in etzlichen Punkten revidierte Bauer- und
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IV: Von den Bauernren und dero Weglaufenfen, von 1670.
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Heimatkreise e.V., “Gesellschaftliches und politisches Leben,”
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Accessed 24 Oct 2023.
© 28 October 2023, Desktop Genealogist Unplugged, Teresa L. Snyder