My Stolper Roots: Jeremias Schröder, the Rabbit Hunter - My 7X Great Grandfather, Part 2

 

Sometimes, what isn’t part of an ancestral record can be as informative as what is. Particularly, when you combine that with known historical facts. You and I don’t live in a vacuum, and neither did our ancestors.

Let’s start with the facts. From the genealogy that was compiled somewhere between 1935 and 1944:  

1. We know that Jeremias Schröder was born in 1648.

2. We know he died, 1 May 1724.

3. We know he was buried on 4 May 1724.

4. We know that he had a son named Anthonius Schröder.

5. We know he was a Jäger (Hunter).

6.  We know he was a renowned Rabbit hunter. The fact that this is part of the genealogical record is interesting. Normally, saying he was a hunter would have been deemed sufficient. At the time of Jeremias’ passing, a father and son duo were administering to the Parish, Rev. Martin Dreisow, Sr and Rev. Martin Dreisow, Jr. One of them felt this fact had special merit.

7. From the 1717 Hufenklassifikation. (The Hufenklassifikation was a survey undertaken from 1717 to 1719 in the Hinterpommern to assess land values for taxation purposes. The Prussian King, Frederick William I, ordered the survey.)

A Jeremias Schröder is listed as a halbbauer. He is the only Schröder listed in Budow and the only one listed in any of the villages that the Budow Parish served. (These villages included: Budow, Gaffert, Gallensow, Goschen, Groß Gansen, Jammerin, Klein Gansen, Kottow, Muttrin, Nippoglense and Wundichow.) It is possible that this was the hunter Jeremias’ son, but more likely, it was Jeremias himself as he was still very much alive at the time. 

1648, the year of Jeremias’ birth, was also the year that The Thirty Years’ War ended. It is estimated that eight million people died as a result of that war. They died from battle. They died from disease. They died from trying to save their homes, their livestock, their crops. And they died from starvation. Pomerania suffered heavily from the war with historians estimating that up to two-thirds of the population either died or fled the area.

The war, at least in the beginning, was a Religious War. After Martin Luther, a priest, nailed the 95 Theses on the Wittenburg Church Castle door in 1517, a religious movement was started. Protestantism was born. The original fighting between the Protestants and the Catholics came to end in 1555 with the signing of the Peace of Augsburg, which guaranteed the right of religious freedom.

Below you can see a map of the Holy Roman Empire from 1618, at the start of the war. The areas in orange represent Protestants and the gray area represents Catholics.

When Ferdinand II, the Archduke of Austria, was named heir apparent of the elderly, childless, Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, trouble began to brew. Ferdinand was known to be a staunch Catholic, and when he came into power, he declared the Empire to be Catholic. You can see by the map; his religious stance would disenfranchise a large number of his subjects. War became inevitable.

For the first 9 years of the war Pomerania, for the most part, was spared. However, in 1627, Ferdinand moved to house some of his imperial troops in Pomerania. The troops lived off the land, which meant confiscating livestock, food, and demanding payment in the form of taxes. This led to the burning of farms and villages, to rape, to torture, to death.

While the war initially started as a religious war, it quickly turned into a power grab, a means of filling coffers and confiscating property. Other potential combatants, alarmed at the power being accumulated by their contemporaries, jumped into the fray.

In 1630, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, a Protestant, landed in Pomerania. One would think that a combatant on the same side as the Protestant inhabitants of Pomerania would have brought some relief. The Swedish troops were every bit as demanding and imperious as the troops of Ferdinand II, and the Pomeranians continued their suffering under these “friendly” troops.

Finally, a series of peace treaties were signed. Known as the Peace of Westphalia, the treaties effectively ended the war. In 1653, as part of the terms, most of Pomerania was given to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, with the remaining portion in the West, given to Sweden.

Below is the map of the area in 1653.

War was over, but oh, the cost. In 1590, almost three decades before the start of the war, it was noted that the Parish of Budow had 161 farms. In the year 1710, sixty-two years after the end of the war, there were only sixty-eight.

In 1655, Friedrich Wilhelm, the Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, required an assessment from the landowners of the state of their holdings. Various members of the Von Zitewitz family-owned different parcels of land in the villages surrounding the church in Budow. The information from these reports was documented. Below are some of the remarks reported.

From Friedrich von Zitewitz:  He reported that on his 3 Muttrin farms, they were unoccupied except each were “inhabited by a strange man.”  He complains that the soil is poor, and that he must provide new seed every year.

From Martin von Zitewitz:  Among other things, he reported that he had two unoccupied farms in Nippoglense. In one of those farms lived, “a poor, miserable person who lacks bread even before Christmas.”

From Gneomar von Zitewitz:  He told of the miserable plight of his farmers in Klein Gansen. He said he had to pay for all their seed, taxes, food, etc. otherwise, he is afraid they will leave for Poland, like so many of the other farmers have done.

From Johan Adolf von Zitewitz:   In Budow, three of his farmers had run away to Poland.

From Gerd von Zitewitz:  Gerd had a fair number of complaints. He complained that the soil was so poor, that a family could not live from what they produced on the farm. He told of the hunger of his farmers. He said he hadn’t sold a sheep in 20 years, even though he would buy them but the land couldn’t support them. To add to his sheep herding woes, he complained that to get and keep a proper Shepherd you had to promise them whatever they demanded.

In other words, they reported that their farms should not be taxed at the rate they had been previously, because things had deteriorated thanks to the war.

 It would not be until Frederick the Great came into power that a concerted effort was made to repopulate the areas decimated by the war. It is said that in the first decades of his rule, Frederick imported 5312 families from Bohemia, Palatinate, and Saxony to colonize these areas of Pomerania. This, however, would not happen until 1740.

 In the meantime, Fredrich Wilhelm tried unsuccessfully to demand that those peasants and serfs who had fled to Poland be returned to the areas from which they fled. The next step was the issuance of The Servants, Farmers and Shepherds order of 1670. 

This order curtailed a peasant’s right to move from one place to another. It was illegal to leave the farm he inhabited to move to another place without permission. The punishments for doing so were severe. A peasant farmer was also required to render services, fees, and other goods to his landowner at specified times. The peasant could own his home, his livestock, his equipment but not the land. All these requirements of the peasant farmer were passed on to his children.

Frederick Wilhelm I (King of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg, 1713-1740) passed the Edict of 14 July 1718 and the Edict of 10 Nov 1722, which among other things, curtailed craftsmen from living in the rural villages. Only tailors, blacksmiths, weavers, carpenters, and wheelwrights could live in a village. All other craftsmen, except for millers, were required to live in the cities.

All of this presents a problem when it comes to Jeremias. I believe that Jeremias and his son, Anthonius, came from outside the parish villages of Budow. Let’s compare the information that we have about Jeremias to that of his contemporaries.

While his contemporaries, like Jeremias, were not given a specific birth date just the year born, the others listed in the same genealogy, done through the same church, with the same minister, during the same years had listed along with their birth year, the place they were born, the names of both of their parents, and the date of their baptism. Jeremias had none of those things. We also don’t know when his son Anthonius was born, where Anthonius was born or who his mother was.

We know that Anthonius died in 1733 in Budow, that he married Trin Liese Potratz in 1724 and that they had a son, Johann in 1725. Did Trin Liese remarry? When and where was she born? Did she and Anthonius have more children? Who raised Johann? While it’s possible that the pages that would have contained these facts were missing from the Budow Parish when the genealogist did his work, it seems more likely that they are missing because these events did not take place within the Parish of Budow. My guess is that Jeremias and Anthonius came to the area sometime before 1717 (when the Hufenklassification was done) but after Anthonius’ birth. But where did they come from, and how did they get there?

Was there a swap from one landowner to another for a service that was needed? Jeremias, after all, is listed as a renowned rabbit hunter. Did Jeremias come from an area that was not subject to the Farmer and Shepherds order of 1670? Questions, questions – all I have is questions. 

I fantasize that out there somewhere, in a forgotten text, tucked away on a dusty shelf is a sentence or two about a famous rabbit hunter who came with his son and settled in Budow. I know that there is only the tiniest of possibilities that my fantasy is true. I know that is only the teeniest tiniest of possibilities that should that text exist, that it somehow falls like a ripened fruit into my lap. But even the teeniest tiniest of possibilities is still a possibility . . .

Until Next Time

 

© 28 October 2023, Desktop Genealogist Unplugged, Teresa L. Snyder

 

Map Attributions:

“Holy Roman Empire 1618” By ziegelbrenner - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6054043.

By Astrokey44, section cut by user:Skäpperöd - This file was derived from: Holy Roman Empire 1648.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12363902.

 

Sources:

1.           Archiv ostdeutscher Familienforscher, “Schroeder,” 1998 5/6, P 175

2.           Rolletiofe, E. Editor:  Ostpommersche Heimat 1933, “Aus der Geschichte des Dorfes Budow,” No. 17, P 4, Accessed 14 August 2023.

3.           v. Livonius, A.:  "Die Bevölkerung der Kreise Stolp, Schlawe und Rummelsburg kurz nach 1700", Ost-pommersche Heimat 10. - 15. Fortsetzung 1939, Folge Nr. 10-25, http://digibib.studienstelleog.de/sdo/sog/PM.livonius-nach1700.pdf, Accessed 29 Oct 2015.

4.           Pommerscher Grief e.V., “Einführung (Die Blankenseesche Hufenklassifikation)”, https://www.pommerscher-greif.de/hufen/. Accessed 12 April 2023.

5.           History.com Editors: “Thirty Years’s War,” https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/thirty-years-war . Accessed 23 August 2023.

6.           Burke, Frederick: “Pommern History,”  Pommern Regional History Group, https://www.prgmn.org/cpage.php?pt=17,  Accessed 10 April 2023.

7.           History.com, Editors : “Martin Luther posts 95 theses,” https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/martin-luther-posts-95-theses, originally published 24 November 2009, Accessed 14 October 2023.

8.           Sellke, G., “Villages in Eastern Pomerania following the Thirty Years’  War.” Original Post, Ostpommersche Heimat,  No. 35 -39  with included notes. https://sites.rootsweb.com/~mnprgm/Stolp/30YearsWar/index.html, Accessed  12 April 2023.

9.           Heyden,  Helmuth: ”Zur Geschichte der Kirchen im Lande Stolp bis zum 18.” Jahrhundert, 1965.

10.         V. Stojentin, Max : Geschichte des Geschlechts von Zitzewitz, Teil 1: Urkundenbuch., Stettin, Herrcke & Lebeling, 1900.

11.         Bottke, Karl: Heimatbuch des Landkreis Stolp, Albrecht, Stolp, 1926.

12.         Kuchenbecker Report, “17. Jahrhundert”  Accessed 23 Oct 2023.

13.         "Churfürstliche Brandenburgische Gesinde- und in etzlichen Punkten revidierte Bauer- und Schäffer-Ordnung im Hertzogthumb Hinter-Pommern und Fürstenthumb Cammin”, Titulus IV: Von den Bauernren und dero Weglaufenfen, von 1670.

14.         Stolper Heimatkreise e.V., “Gesellschaftliches und politisches Leben,” https://www.stolp.de/krussen_ortsgeschichte/articles/krussen_gesellschaft.html, Accessed 24 Oct 2023.

© 28 October 2023, Desktop Genealogist Unplugged, Teresa L. Snyder